How to Fix Car Peeling Paint: A Comprehensive Guide

Car peeling paint is a common issue, but it doesn’t have to be a long-term problem. With the right tools and techniques, you can effectively address and fix car paint peeling, restoring your vehicle’s appearance and protecting it from further damage. CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a range of auto repair tools to help you tackle this task with confidence. This guide provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to fixing peeling paint, ensuring a professional finish and long-lasting results, and it also covers the causes of peeling paint and how to prevent it, ensuring your vehicle stays in top condition.

Table of Contents

How to Identify Car Paint Peeling or Flaking
How to Properly Remove Peeling Car Paint
How to Prepare the Surface with Primer for New Car Paint
How to Apply New Car Paint and Clear Coat for a Professional Finish
What Causes Car Paint to Peel and Flake?
How to Prevent Car Paint from Peeling
How to Choose the Right Tools and Materials for Fixing Peeling Car Paint
How to Handle Rust and Corrosion Underneath Peeling Paint
How to Maintain Your Car’s New Paint Job
FAQ About Fixing Car Peeling Paint

1. How to Identify Car Paint Peeling or Flaking

Identifying car paint peeling early is crucial for preventing further damage. What are the initial signs of peeling or flaking paintwork on a car?

The initial signs of peeling or flaking paintwork often appear as small, hairline cracks on the paint surface, typically near scratches, dings, or stone chips. Over time, these cracks can evolve into a pattern resembling a tortoiseshell, with the paint curling to reveal the bare metal underneath. According to a study by the University of California, Davis, early detection and treatment of these issues can significantly reduce the risk of corrosion. Thoroughly inspect the entire area to identify all affected spots, as small areas of flakiness can indicate more extensive damage upon closer examination.

1.1. Recognizing Early Signs of Paint Damage

How can you recognize the early signs of paint damage that may lead to peeling?

Look for subtle imperfections such as minor scratches, swirl marks, or areas where the paint appears dull or faded. These are often the starting points for more significant paint issues. Regular washing and waxing can help you spot these problems early.

1.2. Distinguishing Between Different Types of Paint Damage

What are the different types of paint damage, and how do they differ from peeling paint?

Different types of paint damage include:

Fading: Loss of color intensity due to UV exposure.
Oxidation: A chalky or dull appearance on the paint surface.
Scratches: Visible lines or marks on the paint.
Chips: Small pieces of paint that have broken off.
Peeling: When the paint layers lose adhesion and begin to lift off the surface.

Peeling paint is distinct because it involves the separation of paint layers from each other or the substrate, while other damages may only affect the surface layer.

1.3. Tools for Inspecting Car Paint

What tools can help you inspect your car’s paint for peeling or flaking?

Tools that can assist in inspecting car paint include:

Bright Light Source: A strong flashlight or sunlight to highlight imperfections.
Magnifying Glass: To closely examine small cracks and chips.
Detailing Brush: To gently remove dirt and debris for better visibility.
Paint Thickness Gauge: To measure the thickness of the paint layers and identify inconsistencies.

Using these tools can help you identify and assess the extent of paint damage more accurately. CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a variety of inspection tools that can help you with this process; contact us at +1 (641) 206-8880 for more information.

1.4. The Importance of Early Detection

Why is it important to detect and address paint peeling early?

Early detection and treatment of paint peeling are crucial for several reasons:

Prevents Rust and Corrosion: Peeling paint exposes the metal underneath, leading to rust and corrosion.
Avoids Extensive Repairs: Addressing the issue early prevents the damage from spreading, reducing the need for costly repairs.
Maintains Vehicle Value: Keeping the paint in good condition preserves the vehicle’s appearance and value.
Ensures Structural Integrity: Corrosion can weaken the vehicle’s structure, making early intervention essential for safety.

Regular inspections and prompt action can save time and money in the long run.

2. How to Properly Remove Peeling Car Paint

Removing peeling car paint properly is essential for ensuring a smooth and lasting repair. What is the best method for removing peeling and flaking car paint?

The best method involves using 1200-grit sandpaper to remove each coat down to the primer layer, extending the removal to 5-10 centimeters around the damaged area to prevent future peeling. According to a study by MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, proper surface preparation is critical for achieving a durable paint finish. Ensure the bare metal is smooth and free of paint before applying a new coat of primer, paint, and clear coat.

2.1. Essential Tools for Paint Removal

What tools are essential for removing peeling car paint effectively?

Essential tools include:

1200-Grit Sandpaper: For smooth removal of paint layers.
Sanding Block: To maintain even pressure and a flat surface.
Masking Tape: To protect surrounding areas from accidental sanding.
Cleaning Solution: To remove dirt and grease before sanding.
Tack Cloth: To wipe away sanding dust.
Safety Glasses: To protect your eyes from debris.
Gloves: To protect your hands.

These tools will help you remove the peeling paint safely and efficiently. You can find high-quality sanding tools at CARDIAGTECH.BIZ; call us at +1 (641) 206-8880 for expert advice.

2.2. Step-by-Step Guide to Removing Peeling Paint

What are the detailed steps for removing peeling car paint?

Follow these steps for effective paint removal:

Clean the Area: Wash the area around the peeling paint with a cleaning solution to remove dirt and grease.
Mask the Surrounding Area: Use masking tape to protect the adjacent paint from accidental sanding.
Sand the Peeling Paint: Use 1200-grit sandpaper and a sanding block to gently sand the peeling paint down to the primer layer. Extend the sanding 5-10 centimeters around the damaged area.
Smooth the Surface: Ensure the bare metal is smooth and free of any remaining paint.
Clean the Surface Again: Use a tack cloth to wipe away any sanding dust.

2.3. Safety Precautions During Paint Removal

What safety precautions should you take when removing peeling car paint?

Safety is paramount when removing car paint. Always:

Wear Safety Glasses: To protect your eyes from flying debris.
Wear Gloves: To protect your hands from chemicals and sharp edges.
Work in a Well-Ventilated Area: To avoid inhaling sanding dust and fumes.
Use a Dust Mask: To prevent inhalation of fine particles.
Dispose of Waste Properly: Follow local regulations for disposing of paint and sanding materials.

2.4. Alternative Paint Removal Methods

Are there alternative methods for removing car paint besides sanding?

Yes, alternative methods include:

Chemical Strippers: These can dissolve paint layers, but require careful handling and protective gear.
Heat Guns: Can soften paint for easier removal, but can also damage the metal if not used carefully.
Media Blasting: Uses abrasive materials to blast away paint, but requires specialized equipment and training.

Sanding is often the safest and most controlled method for DIY repairs.

3. How to Prepare the Surface with Primer for New Car Paint

Preparing the surface with primer is a critical step in ensuring a durable and flawless paint job. Why is priming the surface necessary before applying new paint?

Priming the surface is necessary because it ensures the paint adheres properly to the metal, protects against rust, and creates a smooth base for the new paint. According to research from the University of Michigan’s Automotive Engineering Department, using a high-quality primer can significantly extend the life of the paint job. Apply two coats of primer to completely cover the metal surface, and sand any imperfections before proceeding.

3.1. Benefits of Using Primer

What are the key benefits of using primer before painting your car?

Key benefits include:

Improved Adhesion: Primer ensures the paint sticks properly to the surface.
Rust Protection: Primer acts as a barrier, preventing rust and corrosion.
Smooth Surface: Primer fills in minor imperfections, creating a smooth base for the paint.
Even Color: Primer provides a uniform surface for consistent paint color.
Durability: Primer enhances the overall durability and longevity of the paint job.

3.2. Choosing the Right Type of Primer

How do you choose the right type of primer for your car painting project?

Consider these factors when choosing a primer:

Type of Metal: Use a primer specifically designed for the type of metal on your car.
Condition of the Surface: For surfaces with minor imperfections, use a high-build primer.
Type of Paint: Choose a primer that is compatible with the type of paint you will be using (e.g., acrylic, enamel).
Environmental Conditions: Consider primers with rust inhibitors for areas prone to moisture.

CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a selection of high-quality primers suitable for various car painting needs; contact us at +1 (641) 206-8880 for personalized recommendations.

3.3. Step-by-Step Guide to Applying Primer

What is the correct procedure for applying primer to your car’s surface?

Follow these steps for applying primer:

Clean the Surface: Ensure the surface is clean, dry, and free of any dust or grease.
Mask the Area: Use masking tape to protect surrounding areas from overspray.
Apply the First Coat: Spray a thin, even coat of primer, holding the can about 8-10 inches from the surface.
Allow to Dry: Let the primer dry according to the manufacturer’s instructions (usually 20-30 minutes).
Apply the Second Coat: Apply a second thin, even coat of primer.
Inspect and Sand: After the primer is completely dry, inspect for any imperfections. If necessary, lightly sand with fine-grit sandpaper (400-grit) to smooth the surface.
Clean Again: Wipe the surface with a tack cloth to remove any sanding dust.

3.4. Troubleshooting Common Primer Issues

What are some common issues you might encounter when applying primer, and how can you resolve them?

Common issues include:

Runs and Drips: Apply thinner coats and hold the spray can further from the surface.
Orange Peel Texture: Ensure proper spray technique and use a compatible thinner.
Bubbling: Avoid applying primer in direct sunlight or on a hot surface.
Poor Adhesion: Ensure the surface is thoroughly cleaned and sanded before applying primer.

4. How to Apply New Car Paint and Clear Coat for a Professional Finish

Applying new car paint and clear coat correctly is essential for achieving a professional and durable finish. What are the key steps to applying paint and clear coat for the best results?

Apply 2-3 thin, even coats of paint, followed by the same number of clear coat layers, allowing 10-30 minutes between each application. According to research from Clemson University’s Automotive Engineering Program, proper application technique significantly impacts the longevity and appearance of the paint job. Ensure you use a paint that matches your car’s color code for a seamless finish.

4.1. Selecting the Right Car Paint

How do you select the right car paint for your vehicle?

To select the right car paint:

Identify Your Car’s Paint Code: This code can usually be found on a sticker in the door jamb, glove box, or under the hood.
Use Paint Match Pro: Services like Paint Match Pro can help you find the exact paint color for your car by manufacturer, color, and year.
Consider Paint Type: Choose between single-stage, base coat/clear coat, or tri-coat systems based on your car’s original paint.
Check Compatibility: Ensure the paint is compatible with the primer you used.

Using the correct paint ensures a seamless and professional-looking repair. CARDIAGTECH.BIZ can assist you in finding the right paint and tools for your project; contact our experts at +1 (641) 206-8880.

4.2. Step-by-Step Guide to Applying Car Paint

What is the proper procedure for applying car paint for a flawless finish?

Follow these steps for applying car paint:

Prepare the Area: Ensure the primed surface is clean, dry, and free of dust.
Mask the Surrounding Area: Use masking tape and paper to protect adjacent areas from overspray.
Apply the First Coat: Spray a thin, even coat of paint, holding the can about 8-10 inches from the surface. Use smooth, overlapping strokes.
Allow to Dry: Let the paint dry for 10-30 minutes, as specified by the manufacturer.
Apply Subsequent Coats: Apply 2-3 additional thin, even coats, allowing each coat to dry before applying the next.
Inspect the Finish: Check for any imperfections, such as runs or uneven coverage.

4.3. Applying Clear Coat for Protection and Shine

Why is it important to apply a clear coat, and how do you do it properly?

Applying a clear coat is important because it:

Protects the Paint: Clear coat shields the paint from UV rays, scratches, and other environmental damage.
Enhances Shine: Clear coat adds a glossy, professional finish to the paint job.
Increases Durability: Clear coat extends the life of the paint by providing an extra layer of protection.

To apply clear coat:

Ensure Paint is Dry: Make sure the final coat of paint is completely dry before applying clear coat.
Apply the First Coat: Spray a thin, even coat of clear coat, using smooth, overlapping strokes.
Allow to Dry: Let the clear coat dry for 10-30 minutes, as specified by the manufacturer.
Apply Subsequent Coats: Apply 2-3 additional thin, even coats, allowing each coat to dry before applying the next.

4.4. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Painting Your Car

What are some common mistakes to avoid when painting your car?

Avoid these common mistakes:

Applying Paint Too Thickly: This can cause runs, drips, and uneven drying.
Not Preparing the Surface Properly: This can lead to poor adhesion and premature peeling.
Painting in Direct Sunlight: This can cause the paint to dry too quickly and result in an uneven finish.
Using the Wrong Type of Paint or Primer: This can lead to compatibility issues and poor results.
Not Allowing Enough Drying Time: This can cause the paint to smudge or peel.

5. What Causes Car Paint to Peel and Flake?

Understanding the causes of car paint peeling and flaking can help you prevent it from happening in the first place. What are the primary causes of car paint peeling and flaking?

The primary causes include external damage such as scratches, dings, and chips that compromise the paint layers, allowing moisture and contaminants to infiltrate and cause delamination. According to a study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), environmental factors and improper application techniques also contribute significantly to paint failure. Addressing these factors can prolong the life of your car’s paint.

5.1. The Role of Environmental Factors

How do environmental factors contribute to car paint peeling and flaking?

Environmental factors play a significant role:

UV Radiation: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause the paint to fade and become brittle.
Temperature Fluctuations: Extreme temperature changes can cause the paint to expand and contract, leading to cracks and peeling.
Moisture: Water can seep under the paint layers, causing them to lift and peel.
Pollution: Acid rain and other pollutants can corrode the paint surface.

5.2. Impact of Poor Paint Application

How does poor paint application contribute to paint peeling?

Poor paint application practices can significantly contribute to paint peeling:

Inadequate Surface Preparation: Failure to properly clean and prime the surface can result in poor adhesion.
Incorrect Paint Mixing: Improper mixing of paint and hardeners can affect its durability.
Uneven Application: Applying paint too thickly or thinly can create weak spots.
Contamination: Dirt, oil, or other contaminants on the surface can prevent proper adhesion.

5.3. The Delamination Process Explained

What is delamination, and how does it lead to paint peeling?

Delamination is the process where the different layers of paint (primer, base coat, clear coat) lose adhesion and begin to separate. This can happen due to:

Moisture Infiltration: Water seeping between the layers.
Chemical Reactions: Contaminants reacting with the paint.
Physical Stress: Impacts or vibrations causing the layers to separate.

Once delamination begins, the paint layers lift away from each other and the underlying metal, leading to peeling and flaking.

5.4. Identifying Vulnerable Areas on Your Car

Which areas of a car are most vulnerable to paint peeling and flaking?

The most vulnerable areas include:

Edges and Corners: These areas are prone to chipping and peeling due to physical stress.
Horizontal Surfaces: Hoods, roofs, and trunks are exposed to more direct sunlight and moisture.
Areas Near Wheels: These areas are susceptible to damage from road debris and salt.
Lower Body Panels: These areas are prone to moisture and chemical exposure from road spray.

Regularly inspect these areas for early signs of paint damage.

6. How to Prevent Car Paint from Peeling

Preventing car paint from peeling involves regular maintenance and protective measures. What steps can you take to prevent car paint from peeling?

Regularly washing and waxing your car, promptly repairing scratches and chips, and avoiding harsh chemicals can prevent paint from peeling. According to a study by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), regular maintenance significantly extends the life of automotive paint. Parking in shaded areas and using car covers can also protect the paint from environmental damage.

6.1. Regular Car Washing and Waxing

How often should you wash and wax your car to protect the paint?

Washing: Wash your car every 1-2 weeks to remove dirt, salt, and other contaminants.
Waxing: Wax your car every 3-6 months to protect the paint from UV rays and add a layer of protection.

Regular washing and waxing help maintain the paint’s integrity and prevent damage. CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a variety of car care products to help you keep your car looking its best; contact us at +1 (641) 206-8880 for more information.

6.2. Protecting Your Car from the Elements

How can you protect your car from harsh weather conditions?

Park in Shaded Areas: Avoid parking in direct sunlight for extended periods.
Use a Car Cover: Use a car cover to protect the paint from UV rays, rain, and snow.
Apply Paint Sealants: Use paint sealants to provide an extra layer of protection against environmental damage.
Garage Parking: Park your car in a garage to protect it from the elements.

6.3. Promptly Repairing Scratches and Chips

Why is it important to repair scratches and chips quickly?

Repairing scratches and chips promptly is important because:

Prevents Rust: Scratches and chips expose the metal underneath, leading to rust and corrosion.
Stops Peeling: Addressing damage early prevents it from spreading and causing paint to peel.
Maintains Appearance: Repairing damage keeps your car looking its best.

6.4. Avoiding Harsh Chemicals and Abrasive Cleaners

What types of cleaning products should you avoid using on your car’s paint?

Avoid using:

Household Cleaners: These can be too harsh and damage the paint.
Abrasive Cleaners: These can scratch the paint surface.
Solvents: These can dissolve the paint.

Use car-specific cleaning products that are designed to be gentle on the paint.

7. How to Choose the Right Tools and Materials for Fixing Peeling Car Paint

Selecting the right tools and materials is essential for achieving a successful repair. What are the essential tools and materials needed to fix peeling car paint?

Essential tools include 1200-grit sandpaper, a sanding block, masking tape, cleaning solution, tack cloth, safety glasses, gloves, primer, matching car paint, and clear coat. According to Consumer Reports, using high-quality materials and the right tools can significantly improve the outcome of DIY auto repairs. Investing in quality tools from CARDIAGTECH.BIZ ensures a professional finish and long-lasting results.

7.1. Sandpaper and Sanding Blocks

What types of sandpaper and sanding blocks are best for removing peeling paint?

Sandpaper: Use 1200-grit sandpaper for removing paint layers smoothly.
Sanding Blocks: Use a sanding block to maintain even pressure and a flat surface.

7.2. Primers and Paints

What types of primers and paints should you use for your car?

Primer: Choose a primer specifically designed for automotive use, such as an epoxy or urethane primer.
Paint: Use a paint that matches your car’s color code, such as a base coat/clear coat system.

7.3. Clear Coats

What type of clear coat should you use for protecting your car’s paint?

Use a high-quality automotive clear coat that is UV-resistant and designed to protect the paint from scratches and environmental damage.

7.4. Safety Gear

What safety gear is essential when working with car paint and chemicals?

Safety Glasses: To protect your eyes from debris and chemicals.
Gloves: To protect your hands from chemicals and sharp edges.
Dust Mask: To prevent inhalation of sanding dust and fumes.
Respirator: For use with chemical strippers and spray painting in enclosed spaces.

CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a wide range of safety gear to protect you during auto repairs; contact our support team at +1 (641) 206-8880 for assistance.

8. How to Handle Rust and Corrosion Underneath Peeling Paint

Addressing rust and corrosion underneath peeling paint is crucial for preventing further damage. How do you handle rust and corrosion when repairing car paint?

Remove all traces of rust with a wire brush or rust remover, treat the area with a rust converter, and then apply a rust-inhibiting primer before painting. According to a study by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), proper rust removal and treatment are essential for preventing its return. Neglecting to address rust can lead to structural damage and further paint issues.

8.1. Identifying Rust and Corrosion

How can you identify rust and corrosion under peeling paint?

Visual Inspection: Look for reddish-brown discoloration or flaking on the metal surface.
Tactile Inspection: Feel for rough or pitted areas on the metal.
Sound Test: Tap the area with a screwdriver; a hollow sound indicates corrosion.

8.2. Removing Rust and Corrosion

What are the best methods for removing rust and corrosion from your car?

Wire Brush: Use a wire brush to scrub away loose rust and corrosion.
Rust Remover: Apply a chemical rust remover to dissolve stubborn rust.
Sanding: Use sandpaper or a sanding disc to remove remaining rust and smooth the surface.
Media Blasting: For severe rust, consider media blasting to remove all traces of corrosion.

CARDIAGTECH.BIZ offers a variety of rust removal tools to help you tackle this issue effectively; contact our experts at +1 (641) 206-8880 for guidance.

8.3. Treating the Affected Area

How should you treat the affected area after removing rust and corrosion?

Rust Converter: Apply a rust converter to neutralize any remaining rust and prevent it from spreading.
Rust Inhibitor: Apply a rust-inhibiting primer to protect the metal from future corrosion.

8.4. Preventing Future Rust and Corrosion

What steps can you take to prevent rust and corrosion from returning?

Regular Washing and Waxing: Keep the car clean and protected with regular washing and waxing.
Apply Protective Coatings: Use rust-inhibiting coatings on vulnerable areas.
Address Scratches and Chips Promptly: Repair any paint damage quickly to prevent moisture from reaching the metal.
Store Car Properly: Store the car in a garage or under a car cover to protect it from the elements.

9. How to Maintain Your Car’s New Paint Job

Maintaining your car’s new paint job ensures it stays looking its best for years to come. What are the best practices for maintaining a new car paint job?

Regular washing, waxing, and avoiding harsh chemicals are essential. According to the International Carwash Association (ICA), proper car care can significantly extend the life of the paint and maintain its appearance. Additionally, promptly addressing any minor damages and protecting the car from environmental factors will help preserve the paint’s integrity.

9.1. Regular Washing Techniques

What are the best techniques for washing your car without damaging the new paint?

Use a Soft Sponge or Microfiber Cloth: Avoid abrasive materials that can scratch the paint.
Use a Car-Specific Soap: Household detergents can be too harsh and strip the wax.
Wash in the Shade: Avoid washing in direct sunlight to prevent the soap from drying too quickly.
Rinse Thoroughly: Ensure all soap residue is removed to prevent water spots.
Dry with a Clean Microfiber Towel: Avoid air drying, which can leave water spots.

9.2. Waxing and Polishing

How often should you wax and polish your car, and what products should you use?

Waxing: Wax your car every 3-6 months to protect the paint from UV rays and add a layer of protection.
Polishing: Polish your car once or twice a year to remove swirl marks and minor imperfections.

Use high-quality car waxes and polishes that are designed for your car’s paint type.

9.3. Protecting Your Car from Environmental Damage

How can you protect your car’s paint from environmental damage?

Park in Shaded Areas: Avoid parking in direct sunlight for extended periods.
Use a Car Cover: Use a car cover to protect the paint from UV rays, rain, and snow.
Apply Paint Sealants: Use paint sealants to provide an extra layer of protection against environmental damage.

9.4. Addressing Minor Scratches and Chips

How should you address minor scratches and chips in your car’s new paint job?

Touch-Up Paint: Use touch-up paint to fill in small scratches and chips.
Paint Pens: Use paint pens for precise application on fine scratches.
Professional Repair: For larger scratches and chips, consider having them professionally repaired.

CARDIAGTECH.BIZ is committed to helping you maintain your vehicle’s appearance. For more tips and tools, contact us at our address: 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States, or call us at +1 (641) 206-8880.

FAQ About Fixing Car Peeling Paint

1. Why is my car paint peeling?

Car paint peels due to external damage (scratches, chips), environmental factors (UV rays, temperature changes), poor paint application, or delamination (separation of paint layers).

2. Can I fix peeling car paint myself?

Yes, you can fix peeling car paint yourself with the right tools, materials, and techniques. This guide provides a step-by-step approach to help you.

3. What tools do I need to fix peeling car paint?

4. How do I prepare the surface before painting?

Prepare the surface by removing all peeling paint with sandpaper, cleaning the area, masking the surrounding areas, and applying a primer to ensure proper adhesion.

5. What type of primer should I use?

Use an automotive-specific primer, such as an epoxy or urethane primer, that is compatible with your car’s paint.

6. How many coats of paint should I apply?

Apply 2-3 thin, even coats of paint, allowing each coat to dry before applying the next.

7. Is clear coat necessary?

Yes, clear coat protects the paint from UV rays, scratches, and environmental damage, and it adds a glossy, professional finish.

8. How can I prevent car paint from peeling in the future?

Prevent peeling by regularly washing and waxing your car, promptly repairing scratches and chips, avoiding harsh chemicals, parking in shaded areas, and using a car cover.

9. How do I handle rust and corrosion under the peeling paint?

Remove rust with a wire brush or rust remover, treat the area with a rust converter, and apply a rust-inhibiting primer before painting.

10. Where can I buy the tools and materials needed for fixing car paint?

You can purchase high-quality auto repair tools and materials at CARDIAGTECH.BIZ. Visit our website or contact us at +1 (641) 206-8880 for assistance.

Don’t let peeling paint diminish your car’s appearance and value. Contact CARDIAGTECH.BIZ today at +1 (641) 206-8880 or visit our store at 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States, to get the best tools and expert advice for fixing your car’s peeling paint. Our team is ready to assist you in selecting the right products to restore your vehicle to its former glory.