Mercedes W126 Window Regulator Repair: Expert Guide

Mercedes W126 Window Regulator Repair can be a smooth process with the right knowledge and tools. At CARDIAGTECH.NET, we provide the expertise and top-notch equipment you need to tackle this repair efficiently. Discover how to fix your window regulator and keep your classic Mercedes running smoothly. Get the best auto repair solutions for your Mercedes W126 today, including essential components and diagnostic insights.

1. Understanding the Mercedes W126 Window Regulator

The window regulator in a Mercedes W126 is a crucial component that allows you to raise and lower the windows. Over time, these regulators can fail due to wear and tear, leading to frustrating issues. Let’s delve into the specifics of the W126 window regulator and its common problems.

1.1. What is a Window Regulator?

A window regulator is a mechanical assembly that controls the movement of a vehicle’s window. It typically consists of a motor, gears, and a system of arms or cables that raise and lower the window glass. In the Mercedes W126, the window regulator is designed to provide smooth and reliable operation, complementing the vehicle’s luxury feel.

1.2. Types of Window Regulators in W126 Models

The Mercedes W126 primarily uses two types of window regulators:

• Cable-operated regulators: These use cables to move the window.
• Scissor-type regulators: These utilize a scissor-like mechanism for window movement.

Each type has its own set of advantages and potential issues, but both serve the same fundamental purpose.

1.3. Common Problems with W126 Window Regulators

Several common issues can plague the W126 window regulators:

• Broken Plastic Slides: The plastic slides that guide the regulator arm often break, causing the window to jam or move unevenly.
• Motor Failure: The window motor can fail, preventing the window from moving at all.
• Cable Damage: In cable-operated systems, the cables can fray or snap, rendering the regulator inoperable.
• Bent or Damaged Arms: The regulator arms can bend or become damaged, leading to binding and difficulty in window movement.
• Corrosion: Rust and corrosion can affect the regulator’s moving parts, causing friction and eventual failure.

Recognizing these problems early can save you time and money on repairs.

2. Identifying Symptoms of a Faulty Window Regulator

Catching the early signs of a failing window regulator can prevent further damage and more costly repairs. Here’s what to look for:

2.1. Slow or Jerky Window Movement

One of the first signs of a problem is when the window starts moving slower than usual or in a jerky, uneven manner. This indicates that the regulator is struggling to lift or lower the window glass smoothly.

2.2. Window Jamming or Getting Stuck

If your window frequently gets stuck or jams during operation, it’s a clear sign of a potential issue with the regulator. This could be due to broken components or a misaligned mechanism.

2.3. Unusual Noises During Operation

Strange noises like grinding, clicking, or popping sounds when operating the window can indicate a problem with the regulator. These noises often point to worn or broken parts.

2.4. Window Falling into the Door

A more severe symptom is when the window suddenly falls into the door. This usually means that a critical component of the regulator has failed, and the window is no longer supported.

2.5. Motor Running but Window Not Moving

If you hear the window motor running but the window isn’t moving, it’s likely that the regulator mechanism is broken or disconnected from the window glass.

3. Essential Tools and Materials for W126 Window Regulator Repair

Before you begin the repair, gather all the necessary tools and materials. Having the right equipment will make the job easier and more efficient. Here’s a comprehensive list:

3.1. Basic Hand Tools

• Screwdrivers: Both Phillips head and flathead screwdrivers of various sizes.
• Socket Set: A set of sockets and ratchets to remove and install bolts and nuts.
• Pliers: Standard pliers and needle-nose pliers for gripping and manipulating parts.
• Wrenches: A set of open-end and box-end wrenches.
• Trim Removal Tools: Plastic trim removal tools to avoid damaging interior panels.
• Hammer: For gentle tapping and adjustments.

3.2. Specialized Tools

• Window Regulator Rivet Tool: This tool is essential for installing new rivets when replacing plastic slides. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers high-quality rivet tools designed specifically for this purpose.
• Drill: With a set of drill bits for removing old rivets and potentially enlarging holes if needed.
• Multimeter: To test the window motor and electrical connections.
• Panel Removal Tools: To safely remove the door panel without causing damage.

3.3. Replacement Parts

• Window Regulator Repair Kit: A kit containing replacement plastic slides, rivets, and lubricant. CARDIAGTECH.NET provides comprehensive repair kits for Mercedes W126 models.
• Window Motor: If the motor is faulty, a new or refurbished motor will be required.
• Grease: Synthetic grease to lubricate the moving parts of the regulator.
• New Rivets: Ensure you have the correct size and type of rivets for your specific model.

3.4. Safety Equipment

• Gloves: To protect your hands from grease and sharp edges.
• Safety Glasses: To protect your eyes from debris.
• Work Light: To provide adequate lighting in the work area.

Having these tools and materials on hand will ensure a smooth and successful repair process.

4. Step-by-Step Guide to Mercedes W126 Window Regulator Repair

Now, let’s dive into the step-by-step process of repairing a Mercedes W126 window regulator. Follow these instructions carefully for the best results.

4.1. Removing the Door Panel

1. Preparation: Ensure the vehicle is parked on a level surface and the ignition is turned off.
2. Locate Fasteners: Identify all screws, clips, and fasteners holding the door panel in place. These are typically located around the edges of the panel, in the door handle recess, and near the armrest.
3. Remove Screws: Use the appropriate screwdriver to remove all visible screws.
4. Detach Clips: Use plastic trim removal tools to gently pry the door panel away from the door frame. Work your way around the panel, releasing each clip one at a time.
5. Lift and Remove: Once all fasteners are released, lift the door panel upwards to disengage it from the window sill. Disconnect any electrical connectors attached to the panel, such as those for the window switch and door lock.
6. Set Aside: Carefully set the door panel aside in a safe place to avoid damage.

4.2. Accessing the Window Regulator

1. Remove Vapor Barrier: Carefully peel back the plastic vapor barrier covering the inside of the door. This barrier protects the door’s interior from moisture.
2. Inspect Regulator: Examine the window regulator to identify the specific problem. Look for broken plastic slides, damaged cables, or bent arms.
3. Disconnect Motor (If Necessary): If you need to remove the motor, disconnect the electrical connector and unbolt the motor from the regulator assembly.

4.3. Replacing Broken Plastic Slides

This kit includes the following:

• 2 heavy duty solid plastic slides with new rivet pins
• Special backing tool to help you install the rivets
• Small container of synthetic grease (very best grease for plastic slides)
• Complete pictorial instructions to install new slides in PDF format* (door panel removal instructions not included – see below)

Heavy duty plastic slides with rivet pins for Mercedes W126 window regulator repair

1. Remove Old Slides: Use a drill to carefully drill out the old rivets holding the broken plastic slides in place. Be careful not to damage the regulator arm.
2. Clean the Area: Clean the area around the regulator arm to remove any debris or old grease.
3. Install New Slides: Position the new plastic slides onto the regulator arm and align the rivet holes.
4. Secure with Rivets: Use the window regulator rivet tool to install new rivets, securing the slides to the regulator arm. Ensure the rivets are tight but not over-tightened, as this can damage the plastic slides. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers a special backing tool to help you install the rivets correctly.
5. Lubricate: Apply a small amount of synthetic grease to the new slides to ensure smooth operation.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The rivet size in our kit fits the arm holes in most W126 sedans, but a few of the early models had smaller rivets. In the picture below you can see the difference between the rivet diameter and the hole in the rear window regulator arm. If you find that is the case with your regulator, you will need to drill the hole out with a 9/32 inch drill bit ( or you can use a 1/4 inch drill bit and then a small round file to enlarge the hole until the rivet just slips in. Don’t make the hole too large or you may not be able to pien the rivet tight in the hole.

4.4. Replacing the Window Motor

1. Disconnect Electrical Connector: Disconnect the electrical connector from the old window motor.
2. Remove Old Motor: Unbolt the old motor from the window regulator assembly.
3. Install New Motor: Position the new motor onto the regulator assembly and secure it with bolts.
4. Connect Electrical Connector: Connect the electrical connector to the new motor.
5. Test Operation: Test the operation of the new motor by using the window switch. Ensure the window moves smoothly up and down.

4.5. Reassembling the Door

1. Reinstall Vapor Barrier: Carefully reattach the plastic vapor barrier to the inside of the door. Ensure it is properly sealed to prevent moisture from entering the door cavity.
2. Reinstall Door Panel: Align the door panel with the door frame and press it into place, ensuring all clips are securely fastened.
3. Reinstall Screws: Reinstall all screws that were removed from the door panel.
4. Test Operation: Test the operation of the window to ensure it moves smoothly and without any issues.

Following these steps will help you successfully repair your Mercedes W126 window regulator.

5. Troubleshooting Common Issues After Repair

Even after completing the repair, you might encounter some issues. Here’s how to troubleshoot them:

5.1. Window Still Moving Slowly

• Check Lubrication: Ensure all moving parts of the regulator are properly lubricated with synthetic grease.
• Inspect for Binding: Check for any binding or obstructions in the window tracks.
• Test Motor Voltage: Use a multimeter to test the voltage at the window motor. Low voltage can cause slow operation.

5.2. Window Not Moving at All

• Check Motor Connections: Ensure the electrical connections to the motor are secure.
• Test Motor Function: Use a multimeter to test the motor for continuity. If the motor is dead, it may need to be replaced.
• Inspect Regulator Mechanism: Check the regulator mechanism for any broken or disconnected parts.

5.3. Unusual Noises Persisting

• Lubricate Moving Parts: Apply additional synthetic grease to all moving parts of the regulator.
• Inspect for Misalignment: Check for any misalignment in the regulator mechanism or window tracks.
• Tighten Fasteners: Ensure all bolts and screws are properly tightened.

5.4. Window Falling into the Door Again

• Inspect Rivets: Check the rivets securing the plastic slides to the regulator arm. Ensure they are tight and not damaged.
• Replace Slides: If the slides are broken again, they may need to be replaced with higher-quality parts from CARDIAGTECH.NET.
• Check Regulator Alignment: Ensure the window regulator is properly aligned within the door frame.

By systematically troubleshooting these common issues, you can ensure a long-lasting and reliable window regulator repair.

6. Maintaining Your W126 Window Regulators for Longevity

Proper maintenance is key to extending the life of your Mercedes W126 window regulators. Here are some tips to keep them in good working condition:

6.1. Regular Lubrication

• Apply Grease: Regularly apply synthetic grease to all moving parts of the window regulator. This will reduce friction and prevent wear.
• Lubricate Tracks: Lubricate the window tracks to ensure smooth movement of the window glass.

6.2. Inspecting for Wear and Tear

• Check Slides: Periodically inspect the plastic slides for cracks or damage. Replace them as needed to prevent window failure.
• Inspect Cables: For cable-operated regulators, inspect the cables for fraying or damage. Replace them if necessary.

6.3. Addressing Issues Promptly

• Early Detection: Address any signs of window regulator problems promptly. Ignoring minor issues can lead to more significant damage and costly repairs.
• Professional Help: If you are not comfortable performing the repairs yourself, seek professional help from a qualified mechanic.

6.4. Using Quality Replacement Parts

• CARDIAGTECH.NET: Use high-quality replacement parts from trusted suppliers like CARDIAGTECH.NET. Quality parts will ensure a longer lifespan and better performance.
• Correct Fit: Ensure that all replacement parts are the correct fit for your specific Mercedes W126 model.

By following these maintenance tips, you can keep your Mercedes W126 window regulators in top condition for years to come.

7. Choosing the Right Replacement Parts from CARDIAGTECH.NET

Selecting the right replacement parts is crucial for a successful window regulator repair. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers a wide range of high-quality components specifically designed for the Mercedes W126. Here’s what to consider:

7.1. Window Regulator Repair Kits

• Comprehensive Kits: Opt for a comprehensive repair kit that includes all the necessary components, such as plastic slides, rivets, and lubricant.
• High-Quality Materials: Ensure the kit contains parts made from durable, high-quality materials that can withstand the stresses of regular use.
• Model Compatibility: Verify that the kit is compatible with your specific Mercedes W126 model year and type of window regulator.

7.2. Window Motors

• New or Refurbished: Choose between a new or refurbished window motor based on your budget and needs. Refurbished motors from reputable suppliers like CARDIAGTECH.NET are thoroughly tested and come with a warranty.
• Correct Voltage: Ensure the motor is the correct voltage for your vehicle’s electrical system.
• Proper Fit: Verify that the motor is a direct replacement for the original motor in your W126.

7.3. Individual Components

• Plastic Slides: Select replacement plastic slides made from high-strength materials that can resist cracking and breaking. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers heavy-duty slides designed for long-lasting performance.

Broken plastic slide from a Mercedes W126 window regulator

• Cables: For cable-operated regulators, choose replacement cables made from high-quality steel that can withstand tension and wear.
• Rivets: Ensure you have the correct size and type of rivets for securing the plastic slides to the regulator arm. CARDIAGTECH.NET provides rivets designed for easy and secure installation.

7.4. Benefits of Choosing CARDIAGTECH.NET

• Quality Assurance: CARDIAGTECH.NET is committed to providing high-quality replacement parts that meet or exceed OEM specifications.
• Expert Support: Our team of experts can provide technical support and guidance to help you choose the right parts for your repair.
• Wide Selection: We offer a wide selection of parts for various Mercedes W126 models and window regulator types.
• Customer Satisfaction: CARDIAGTECH.NET is dedicated to ensuring customer satisfaction. We offer a hassle-free return policy and stand behind the quality of our products.

By choosing the right replacement parts from CARDIAGTECH.NET, you can ensure a successful and long-lasting window regulator repair for your Mercedes W126.

8. Safety Precautions During Window Regulator Repair

Safety should always be a top priority when performing any automotive repair. Here are some essential safety precautions to keep in mind during your Mercedes W126 Window Regulator Repair:

8.1. Disconnect the Battery

• Prevent Electrical Shock: Disconnect the negative terminal of the battery before starting any electrical work. This will prevent accidental electrical shocks and damage to the vehicle’s electrical system.

8.2. Wear Safety Gear

• Gloves: Wear gloves to protect your hands from sharp edges, grease, and chemicals.
• Safety Glasses: Wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from debris.

8.3. Use Proper Tools

• Avoid Damage: Use the correct tools for the job to avoid damaging components or injuring yourself.
• Rivet Tool: Use a specialized rivet tool for installing new rivets. Do not attempt to hammer the rivets in, as this can damage the plastic slides.

8.4. Secure the Window

• Prevent Falling: If the window is not securely supported, use tape or clamps to hold it in place. This will prevent it from falling and causing injury or damage.

8.5. Work in a Well-Lit Area

• Adequate Lighting: Ensure you have adequate lighting in the work area to see what you are doing clearly.
• Work Light: Use a work light to illuminate the area around the window regulator.

8.6. Follow Instructions

• Step-by-Step: Follow the repair instructions carefully and do not skip any steps.
• Consult Manuals: Consult the vehicle’s repair manual or online resources for detailed instructions and diagrams.

By following these safety precautions, you can minimize the risk of injury and ensure a safe and successful window regulator repair.

9. Cost-Effective Solutions for W126 Window Regulator Issues

Dealing with window regulator problems in your Mercedes W126 doesn’t have to break the bank. Here are some cost-effective solutions to consider:

9.1. DIY Repair vs. Professional Service

• DIY Benefits: Performing the repair yourself can save you a significant amount of money on labor costs. With the right tools and instructions, many W126 owners can successfully repair their window regulators.
• Professional Benefits: If you are not comfortable performing the repair yourself, hiring a professional mechanic may be a better option. They have the experience and expertise to diagnose and repair the problem quickly and efficiently.

9.2. Using Repair Kits

• Comprehensive Solution: Purchasing a window regulator repair kit from CARDIAGTECH.NET can be more cost-effective than buying individual replacement parts. These kits include all the necessary components and can save you time and money.
  First sign of trouble is your window will not move full travel and may even jam. You most likely will hear the window motor running but the window will not be moving Immediately remove your door panel and inspect to prevent further damage. (If you are not familiar with removing the door panel or the window regulator I recommend you purchase my manual on 126 Door Maintenance and Repair ) Once the panel is removed look at the bottom track of the window to see if the aft arm of the regulator has come off the track. If so, a broken plastic slide will most likely be the problem.

9.3. Refurbished Parts

• Cost Savings: Consider using refurbished parts, such as window motors, from reputable suppliers like CARDIAGTECH.NET. Refurbished parts are thoroughly tested and come with a warranty, offering a cost-effective alternative to new parts.

9.4. Preventative Maintenance

• Regular Care: Implementing a preventative maintenance program can help you avoid costly repairs down the road. Regularly lubricating the window regulator and inspecting for wear and tear can extend its lifespan and prevent failures.

9.5. Sourcing Parts Online

• Competitive Pricing: Shopping for parts online can help you find competitive pricing and deals. CARDIAGTECH.NET offers a wide selection of parts at competitive prices, with fast shipping and excellent customer service.

By implementing these cost-effective solutions, you can keep your Mercedes W126 window regulators in good working condition without breaking the bank.

10. Maximizing the Value of Your Mercedes W126 with Proper Window Maintenance

Maintaining your Mercedes W126’s window regulators is not just about convenience; it’s also about preserving the value of your classic car. Here’s how proper window maintenance can maximize the value of your vehicle:

10.1. Preserving Originality

• Original Components: Keeping your W126 as original as possible can significantly increase its value. By maintaining the original window regulators and replacing only the necessary components, you can preserve the car’s authenticity.

10.2. Ensuring Smooth Operation

• Functionality: Smooth and reliable operation of all vehicle systems, including the windows, is essential for maintaining its value. A properly functioning window regulator demonstrates that the car has been well-maintained.

10.3. Avoiding Further Damage

• Preventative Measures: Addressing window regulator issues promptly can prevent further damage to the door panels, window glass, and other components. This can save you money on more extensive repairs in the future.

10.4. Enhancing Resale Value

• Attractive Feature: A well-maintained window system can be an attractive selling point when you decide to sell your W126. Buyers will appreciate the attention to detail and the fact that the car has been properly cared for.

10.5. Documentation

• Maintenance Records: Keep detailed records of all maintenance and repairs performed on your W126, including window regulator repairs. This documentation can demonstrate to potential buyers that the car has been properly maintained and is in good condition.

By prioritizing proper window maintenance, you can maximize the value of your Mercedes W126 and enjoy the benefits of owning a well-preserved classic car.

11. Why Choose CARDIAGTECH.NET for Your W126 Repair Needs

When it comes to repairing your Mercedes W126, choosing the right supplier for parts and tools is crucial. CARDIAGTECH.NET stands out as a premier provider for several compelling reasons:

11.1. High-Quality Products

• Premium Materials: CARDIAGTECH.NET sources only the highest-quality materials for its replacement parts, ensuring durability and long-lasting performance.
• Stringent Testing: All products undergo rigorous testing to meet or exceed OEM specifications.

11.2. Extensive Selection

• Wide Range: Whether you need a complete window regulator repair kit, a new motor, or individual components, CARDIAGTECH.NET offers an extensive selection to meet your specific needs.
• Model-Specific Parts: Our inventory includes parts specifically designed for various Mercedes W126 models, ensuring a perfect fit and reliable operation.

11.3. Expert Support

• Knowledgeable Staff: Our team of knowledgeable professionals is available to provide expert guidance and technical support.
• Troubleshooting Assistance: We can help you troubleshoot issues, select the right parts, and offer installation advice.

11.4. Competitive Pricing

• Affordable Options: CARDIAGTECH.NET offers competitive pricing on all products, making it easier to keep your W126 in top condition without breaking the bank.
• Cost-Effective Solutions: We provide cost-effective solutions, such as repair kits and refurbished parts, to help you save money on your repairs.

11.5. Customer Satisfaction

• Dedicated Service: CARDIAGTECH.NET is committed to ensuring customer satisfaction. We offer a hassle-free return policy and stand behind the quality of our products.
• Positive Reviews: Our satisfied customers consistently praise our high-quality products, expert support, and excellent customer service.

11.6. Convenient Shopping Experience

• Easy-to-Navigate Website: Our website is easy to navigate, allowing you to quickly find the parts you need.
• Fast Shipping: We offer fast and reliable shipping to get your parts to you as quickly as possible.

Choosing CARDIAGTECH.NET means choosing quality, expertise, and customer satisfaction. Trust us to provide the parts and support you need to keep your Mercedes W126 running smoothly.

12. Conclusion: Restoring Your W126’s Windows with Confidence

Repairing your Mercedes W126 window regulator can seem daunting, but with the right knowledge, tools, and replacement parts, it’s a manageable task. By understanding the common problems, following our step-by-step guide, and taking the necessary safety precautions, you can restore your W126’s windows to their original smooth and reliable operation.

Remember, proper maintenance and timely repairs are key to preserving the value and enjoyment of your classic Mercedes. And when it comes to sourcing high-quality replacement parts, CARDIAGTECH.NET is your trusted partner. We offer a wide selection of parts, expert support, and competitive pricing to help you keep your W126 in top condition.

Don’t let a faulty window regulator detract from the beauty and functionality of your Mercedes W126. Take action today and restore your windows with confidence.

Ready to get started?

• Visit our website: CARDIAGTECH.NET
• Contact us via WhatsApp: +1 (641) 206-8880
• Visit our location: 276 Reock St, City of Orange, NJ 07050, United States

Let CARDIAGTECH.NET help you keep your Mercedes W126 running smoothly for years to come.
Double WARNING WARNING: If your new slide brakes and it was installed properly it is not a problem with the slide. If the window is binding due to lack of lubrication or a bent regulator it can put excessive stress on the plastic slide. This type of stress can break the slides as you will note in this picture. With the arm disconnected you should be able to EASILY PUSH THE WINDOW UP AND DOWN BY HAND. If not the rails and channels need to be lubricated thoroughly until the window moves up and down easily… In this case, it appears the arm is not aligned properly with the bottom of the window. That means the window regulator is bent and putting stress on the slide. The regulator should be removed straightened and properly lubricated. Once that is done the slides won’t be under stress anymore.

Broken plastic slide from a Mercedes W126 window regulator

Don’t let a broken window regulator keep you from enjoying your classic car. Contact CARDIAGTECH.NET today for expert advice and the highest quality replacement parts. We are here to help you restore your Mercedes W126 to its original glory.

13. FAQs About Mercedes W126 Window Regulator Repair

Here are some frequently asked questions about Mercedes W126 window regulator repair:

1. What are the most common symptoms of a failing window regulator in a Mercedes W126?

Common symptoms include slow or jerky window movement, the window jamming or getting stuck, unusual noises during operation, the window falling into the door, and the motor running but the window not moving.

2. Can I repair a Mercedes W126 window regulator myself, or should I take it to a professional?

If you have some mechanical skills and the right tools, you can repair it yourself. However, if you’re not comfortable with auto repairs, it’s best to take it to a professional.

3. What tools do I need to repair a Mercedes W126 window regulator?

Essential tools include screwdrivers, a socket set, pliers, wrenches, trim removal tools, a drill, a multimeter, and a window regulator rivet tool.

4. What parts should I replace when repairing a Mercedes W126 window regulator?

Common replacement parts include plastic slides, the window motor, cables (if applicable), and rivets. Consider purchasing a window regulator repair kit from CARDIAGTECH.NET for a comprehensive solution.

5. How do I remove the door panel on a Mercedes W126 to access the window regulator?

Locate and remove all screws and fasteners holding the door panel in place. Use plastic trim removal tools to gently pry the door panel away from the door frame. Lift the panel upwards to disengage it from the window sill and disconnect any electrical connectors.

6. How do I know if the window motor needs to be replaced in my Mercedes W126?

If you hear the motor running but the window isn’t moving, or if the motor doesn’t run at all, it may need to be replaced. Use a multimeter to test the motor for continuity.

7. What type of grease should I use to lubricate the window regulator in my Mercedes W126?

Use synthetic grease to lubricate the moving parts of the regulator. This type of grease provides excellent lubrication and can withstand extreme temperatures.

8. How can I prevent future problems with my Mercedes W126 window regulators?

Regularly lubricate the moving parts, inspect for wear and tear, and address any issues promptly. Use high-quality replacement parts from trusted suppliers like CARDIAGTECH.NET.

9. Are there any safety precautions I should take when repairing a window regulator?

Disconnect the battery, wear safety gear (gloves and safety glasses), use proper tools, secure the window to prevent it from falling, and work in a well-lit area.

10. Where can I buy high-quality replacement parts for my Mercedes W126 window regulator?

You can buy high-quality replacement parts from CARDIAGTECH.NET. We offer a wide selection of parts specifically designed for Mercedes W126 models, along with expert support and excellent customer service.

By addressing these frequently asked questions, you can approach your Mercedes W126 window regulator repair with confidence and ensure a successful outcome. Remember, CARDIAGTECH.NET is here to help you with all your repair needs.